Causes of climate change

Climate change is mainly caused by human activity, which leads to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The main factors affecting climate change include:

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: The main source of this gas is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. CO2 emissions contribute to the trapping of heat in the atmosphere, which leads to an increase in the Earth’s temperature.
• Methane and other greenhouse gases: Methane is another potent greenhouse gas released through agriculture, as well as from gas and oil production.
• Deforestation: Forests play an important role in absorbing CO2, so deforestation increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Changes in land use: The expansion of urbanised areas and intensive farming are changing the natural processes that regulate the climate.

Together, these factors are causing significant climate change, which manifests itself in the form of global warming, shifting climate zones and extreme weather events.

Scientific approaches to addressing climate change

From a scientific point of view, combating climate change requires a comprehensive approach that covers several important aspects: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to new climatic conditions and developing the latest technologies to combat the effects of climate change.

1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

The main focus of scientific research is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This can be achieved through the following strategies:

• Use of renewable energy sources: Solar, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric energy are becoming increasingly available and effective in combating CO2 emissions. The transition to clean energy sources is critical to reducing emissions.
• Preserve forests and increase greening: Forests are important sinks of CO2. Programmes to preserve forests, restore degraded land and increase green space in cities can significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.
• Energy efficiency: The use of technologies to improve energy efficiency in industry, transport and the home can reduce energy consumption and reduce gas emissions.

2. Adaptation to new climate conditions

Since it is impossible to reverse climate trends overnight, it is important to take steps to adapt to new conditions. This includes:

• Developing climate-resilient infrastructures: It is important to modernise urban infrastructure to make it resilient to extreme weather conditions such as floods, droughts or strong winds.
• Water management: Climate change could lead to water shortages in some regions, so it is important to develop strategies to use water efficiently, preserve wetlands and improve irrigation systems.
• Agriculture: The development of new crop varieties that are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures, as well as the introduction of new farming methods, can reduce losses in the agricultural sector.

3. Innovative technologies and solutions

Scientists are constantly working on new technologies to help combat the effects of climate change. One of these solutions is geoengineering, which includes technologies to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere or to regulate the climate. For example, carbon capture and storage (CCS) allows capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it in underground reservoirs.

It is also important to note the importance of developing clean technologies in industry and energy. This may include the introduction of hydrogen as a fuel, improved battery technologies for energy storage, and other innovative solutions that reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

The role of civic initiatives and international organisations

The role of NGOs and international agreements in addressing climate change is equally important. One of the most significant documents is the Paris Agreement, which commits countries to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. International cooperation and initiatives by governments, businesses and NGOs can bring about real change.

In Ukraine and other countries, campaigns in support of sustainable development are being actively pursued, as well as educational programmes for the public on the importance of reducing emissions and preserving nature.

Conclusion.

Climate change is a global problem that requires coordinated efforts by scientists, governments and the public. Scientific approaches, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to new climate conditions and introducing innovative technologies, will help to tackle this crisis. However, it is important to remember that only collective efforts can ensure real progress in the fight against climate change. If you are interested in getting useful information about new technologies and strategies in various fields, such as online casinos, please visit Legjobbkaszino.hu to find reviews and useful tips. For those looking for convenient payment methods, you can also check out the sms casino page to learn more about this popular payment method.

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Some changes, such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires, happen to come faster than scientists thought. Their frequency will be constantly growing. Their intensity will also reach the top. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), people will have to adjust their life to upcoming changes. They will also have to be ready for inconveniences any minute. Their life will always involve a certain level of danger.

The good news is that scientists demonstrate their confidence that global temperatures will be rising for many decades. Let’s see some of the most obvious problems to occur.

Climate Changes

Global warming likely to continue

Greenhouse gas emissions keep increasing and becoming more intensive. After staying in the atmosphere for too long, they contribute to the warming trend badly. They also have a negative impact on rainfall patterns as well as the frequency of extreme weather events such as storms, typhoons, and cyclones.

In the most aggressive scenario possible, the global average temperature is expected to warm at least twice within the next century. Ground-level air temperature is expected to continue a growing trend by warming more rapidly over land than oceans. Considering the current situation with the atmosphere, this scenario doesn’t seem to be unrealistic at all.

Greenhouse gas concentrations will affect the future climate

The future climate on our planet depends on whether the world’s population succeeds in reducing the number of greenhouse gas emissions. The latter ones have a long lifetime in the atmosphere. Even a reduction in emissions won’t fix the problem immediately. The damage caused has already become huge. But it doesn’t mean that greenhouse gas-reduction initiatives don’t make a point.

To understand how the climate may change in the future, scientists have developed different scenarios based on mathematical and ecological data. Future demographic change, economic development, and technological advances also need to be taken into consideration. Based on the emission ranges, the concentration paths need to be continued up to about 2030.

Future global warming

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted a global warming increase between 0.3 and 4.8 °C by 2100. The trends will depend on the emission scenario, which depends on people only.

The planet can warm up by 0.3 °C – 1.7 °C if emissions of greenhouse gases will be reduced or, at least, kept at the same level. It can warm up by 2.6 °C – 4.8 °C if no action is taken by world society. In one scenario on another, at least, a minimum growth will still take place. The number of greenhouse gas emissions has already made up sufficient bases for climate change.

Today, we are moving toward a medium to high emissions scenario, where the planet warms up by 1.4 – 3.1 °C. The further trends depend on our actions. Will it get worse or stay the same?!

Global Initiatives in Addressing Climate Change

In order to keep the negative impact of a heating world under control, the world should join hands with a raft of global initiatives to reach the target. The Business Climate Summit aims to find a series of reasonable solutions to limit the rise of global temperature. There are many more events devoted to the problem and its possible solutions.

The limits set by governments make businesses take responsibility for their actions, especially if they cause direct harm to the surrounding world. In 2020, a group of 30 global asset managers started the Net Zero Asset Managers Initiative trying to minimize their own operational carbon emissions. They also ensured their investment plans involve no carbon emissions by 2050.

By the way, the Task Force on Climate-rRlated Financial Disclosures (TCFD) was established in 2018 to motivate asset managers to get more investee companies involved and provide climate disclosure based on the TCFD concept. The positive thing about it is that such companies can help support the smoother transformation to a lower carbon future. More collaborative efforts are required across the world to reduce total emissions and enable a proper transition toward net zero.

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Why write an essay about ecology? 

Writing an ecology essay is a great way to explore our natural environment and better understand how it works. Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms, the physical environment, and their roles in sustaining life on the planet. By writing an essay, we can learn more about this complex system and its importance for preserving biodiversity and protecting ecosystems for future generations. An essay on ecology will also provide us with insight into human behavior and how our actions impact the environment around us. By exploring ecological concepts in depth, we can develop a more informed approach to sustainable living that helps promote balance within our finite resources. Writing an essay on ecology is essential for developing solutions that will ensure our planet remains healthy and livable for generations to come. By exploring and reflecting on ecological issues, we can equip ourselves with the knowledge and understanding needed to make wise decisions that will benefit both humankind and the environment.   As well as deepening our understanding of ecology, writing an essay about it can help us develop critical thinking skills, hone our research capabilities, and increase our knowledge of the subject. Writing an essay provides a great way to practise those skills in real-life settings while learning more at the same time. Furthermore, writing an essay is a great way to demonstrate your interest in the field and express your insight into relevant topics. An essay on ecology can be highly beneficial for helping you gain admission into colleges or universities for pursuing degrees related to environmental science or related fields.

10 tips for writing an essay about ecology  

1. Choose a narrow and specific topic

When writing an essay about ecology, it’s important to pick a topic that isn’t too broad or general. Choosing a more specific topic will make your argument easier to research and demonstrate in your paper. 

2. Research thoroughly

It is important to conduct thorough research when writing an essay about ecology. Make sure you get information from credible sources so that you can back up your argument with reliable evidence. 

3. Outline your main points

Before starting the actual writing process, it’s important to outline the main arguments of your essay about ecology. This will help ensure that all of the points are well-structured and organized. 

4. Make sure your thesis statement is clear

Your essay about ecology should have a strong and clear thesis statement. This will help the reader understand what you are trying to argue in your paper. 

5. Use reputable sources

When researching for an essay about ecology, it’s important to use reputable sources such as peer-reviewed journals or books written by experts in the field of ecology. This will help ensure that the information used is reliable and relevant. 

6. Incorporate illustrations and graphics

To make your essay more visually appealing, consider incorporating graphics or illustrations into your paper. This can help illustrate a point or create visual interest for readers of all levels of understanding. 

7. Connect with other disciplines

It is important to remember that ecology is connected to many different disciplines. Be sure to consider how your essay intersects with other fields of study, such as biology, chemistry, and geology. 

8. Consider the opposing view

When writing an essay about ecology, it’s important to consider the other side of the argument. This will help make your paper more comprehensive and balanced. 

9. Edit and proofread carefully

Before submitting your essay about ecology, make sure you take the time to edit and proofread it carefully. This will ensure that your final draft is correct.

10. Follow proper citation guidelines

Ensure you follow proper citation guidelines when referencing any sources in your essay about ecology. This will help you avoid plagiarism and ensure that you are giving credit where it is due.   Follow the citation style your instructor has specified for you. 

Summary

In summary, writing an essay about ecology is a great way to explore our natural environment and gain a better understanding of how it works. It can also help us develop critical thinking skills, hone our research capabilities, and increase our knowledge of the subject. Furthermore, it can be beneficial for assisting students to gain admission into colleges or universities related to environmental science or related fields. Ultimately, by exploring ecological concepts in depth, we can equip ourselves with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions that will benefit both humankind and the environment. Writing an essay on ecology is essential for developing solutions that will ensure our planet remains healthy and liveable for future generations.  

By following these tips, you can be sure that your ecology essay will be well-written and comprehensive. With a little bit of research and careful planning, you can create an essay that is sure to impress your readers. Good luck!

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Why we must fight climate issues

Climate change is one of our planet’s biggest threats. Rising temperatures and extreme weather events are wreaking havoc on ecosystems worldwide, devastatingly affecting people and animals alike. Our current dependence on fossil fuels to power our economies exacerbates this problem and must be addressed urgently to ensure a safe future for generations. We must take action by transitioning away from fossil fuels and investing in renewable energy sources as soon as possible. Additionally, we must protect forests, oceans, wetlands, and other natural habitats so they can act as carbon sinks that help mitigate climate change effects. By taking these steps together, we can reduce emissions and begin to reverse the damage caused by global warming. Together, we can help preserve the environment and build a brighter future for generations.

5 modern climate issues that need to be addressed

1. Global Warming

The rise in average global temperature due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere, is causing drastic changes in weather patterns and ocean levels around the world.

2. Ozone Depletion

The thinning of the Earth’s protective ozone layer allows more ultraviolet radiation to reach our planet. This increases risks for skin cancer and other health issues.

3. Deforestation

The destruction of natural forests to create space for agriculture, development, or other activities devastates ecosystems, animal habitats, and climate stability.

4. Acid Rain

When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide pollutants are released into the air from industrial sources, they react with water in the atmosphere to create an acidic mixture that falls as rain. This can damage ecosystems and increase respiratory issues for humans.

5. Ocean Acidification

The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, causing a decrease in alkalinity and resulting in more acidic waters. This changes the balance of marine life, reduces fish populations, and kills coral reefs. 

10 ways to fight climate issues

1. Reduce your carbon footprint

Every action matters regarding the environment, so reduce your carbon footprint by driving less, choosing energy-efficient appliances, and taking shorter showers. 

2. Cut down on meat consumption

Eating less meat is one of the most effective ways to reduce environmental impact, as animal agriculture is responsible for many greenhouse gas emissions. 

3. Save energy

Turning off lights and unplugging devices when not in use can significantly reduce the amount of energy being used and wasted each day. 

4. Recycle

Reuse materials whenever possible and recycle items that can’t be reused; this will help reduce waste and keep materials out of landfills. 

5. Plant a garden

Growing your food is good for the environment and can help reduce your grocery bill. It also helps to improve air quality, sequester carbon and create habitat for wildlife. 

6. Shop locally

Buying from local businesses helps support the community and reduces transportation emissions since products don’t have to be shipped in from far away. 

7. Buy sustainable products

When choosing what to buy, opt for items made with natural or recycled materials that are energy-efficient or sustainably produced. 

8. Support renewable energy 

Consider switching to a renewable energy source like solar power if available in your area or supporting companies that use renewable energy sources. 

9. Speak up 

Talk to family, friends, and elected officials about the importance of addressing climate change and supporting environmental initiatives. 

10. Invest in green technology

Support research and development of new green technology, such as electric cars, solar panels, wind turbines, etc., by investing in green companies. This will help create a better future for everyone.  

Afterall

Climate change is an urgent issue that affects every aspect of our lives. To make matters worse, it is a global problem with no easy solutions. We need to work together to reduce the negative impacts of climate change and create a healthier environment for everyone. 

One way to combat climate change is to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and switch over to renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. Using these cleaner forms of energy can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions while still providing reliable electricity. This can help slow down the effects of climate change in the long run and protect our planet from further damage. 

We also need to conserve resources like water and electricity so that future generations can continue to enjoy their benefits. We can do this by investing in efficient technologies, such as water-saving devices, smart meters, and energy-efficient appliances.

The post Ways to fight climate issues appeared first on Business Climate Summit.

1. Cotopaxi Volcano in Cotopaxi National park
2. Kīlauea, Hawaii
3. Nisyros, Dodecanese, Greece
4. Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland
5. Mount Vesuvius, Naples, Italy
6. Whakaari (White Island), New Zealand
7. Mount Aso, Japan
8. Arenal, Costa Rica
9. Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo
10. Chimborazo Volcano Ecuador

Cotopaxi Volcano in Cotopaxi National park, Ecuador: This volcano is one of the world’s highest active volcanoes and is located in a national park that is also home to other volcanic peaks. The best time to visit is between December and January when the weather is dry.

Kīlauea, Hawaii: Kīlauea is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and offers visitors a chance to see lava up close. The best time to visit is between April and May.

Nisyros, Dodecanese, Greece: Nisyros is a small island with its own volcano that last erupted in the late 19th century. The island has several volcanic craters that can be visited. The best time to visit is between June and September.

Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland: Eyjafjallajökull became famous after its 2010 eruption caused disruptions to air travel. The volcano is located in a national park and offers visitors stunning views of glaciers and waterfalls. The best time to visit is between June and August.

Mount Vesuvius, Naples, Italy: Mount Vesuvius is the only active volcano on the European mainland and last erupted in 1944. The best time to visit is between April and June when the weather is warm but not too hot.

Whakaari (White Island), New Zealand: Whakaari is an uninhabited island that is home to an active volcano. Visitors can take boat tours around the island to see the volcano up close. The best time to visit is between December and March when the weather is milder.

Mount Aso, Japan: Mount Aso is the largest active volcano in Japan and is located in a national park. The best time to visit is between April and June when the weather is mild and there are fewer crowds.

Arenal, Costa Rica: Arenal is one of Costa Rica’s most popular tourist destinations due to its proximity to the country’s capital and its active volcano. The best time to visit is between December and April when the weather is dry.

Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mount Nyiragongo last erupted in 2002, causing the evacuation of over 500,000 people. The volcano offers stunning views of lava lakes from the crater rim. The best time to visit is between June and August when the weather is dry.

Chimborazo Mount, Ecuador: Chimborazo is the highest volcano in Ecuador and is located in a national park. The best time to visit is between December and February when the weather is dry.

Is it safe to visit an active volcano?

Most volcanoes are considered safe to visit, as long as you take the necessary precautions. First and foremost, it is important to check the status of the volcano before planning your trip. Active volcanoes can erupt without warning, so it is vital to be aware of the latest conditions. It is also a good idea to avoid areas that are prone to ashfall or lava flows. Once you arrive at the volcano, be sure to stay on marked trails and heed any warnings from park staff. If you follow these guidelines, you can enjoy a safe and memorable trip to one of nature’s most amazing landmarks.

How much does it cost to reach an active volcano?

Reaching an active volcano can be a costly endeavor, depending on its location. If the volcano is located on an island, you will need to factor in the cost of traveling to the island as well as the cost of any necessary permits. Once you reach the island, you will likely need to hire a guide to help you navigate to the volcano. The cost of hiring a guide can vary depending on the length of the trip and the level of experience of the guide. However, it is generally recommended that you hire a guide if you are not familiar with the area. In addition to the cost of travel and permits, you will also need to factor in the cost of any equipment that you may need, such as protective clothing and gear for hiking. If you are planning to camp near the volcano, you will also need to account for the cost of food and supplies. Overall, reaching an active volcano can be a costly undertaking, but it can also be a once-in-a-lifetime experience.

These are just a few of the active volcanoes that are worth exploring in your lifetime. So get out there and start planning your next adventure!

The post 10 Active Volcanoes to See Up Close in Your Lifetime And How Volcanos Affect Climate appeared first on Business Climate Summit.

Myth one: “How many experts, so many opinions”

There are several characteristic myths and misconceptions about climate change that wander from year to year, from decade to decade. Many small myths are based on the principle “How many experts, so many opinions.” How to figure out who to trust? One doctor of sciences (Alexander Gorodnitsky – The Insider) says that we are waiting for a cold snap, another, also a doctor of sciences, that warming. And which of them to believe? But the first one is also a bard to boot, that decides the matter! But does it decide? Imagine you came to two doctors who prescribe different drugs. For one, “it helps my patients, I tell you this as an expert with 30 years of experience,” for the second: “the effectiveness of this drug has been proven on the basis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled test on a large sample.” What to choose? It is obvious that one should look at the argumentation of one or another expert.

So what is the argumentation of the vast majority of climate scientists in favor of the anthropogenic cause of modern warming? At the same time, I would not like to operate with the words “consensus” and “97%”, because this is not evidence in itself. The argument is based on the following main points. There is a rapid increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (and methane) in the atmosphere. This growth is confidently attributed to human activity (with the burning of fossil fuels): on the one hand, based on the analysis of the carbon cycle, that is, estimates of the carbon content in different elements of the climate system (atmosphere, ocean, biosphere) and flows between them, on the other hand, on basis of carbon isotopic analysis.

The increase in carbon dioxide concentration is confidently attributed to human activity.

An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide leads to an increase in downward long-wave radiation (an increase in the greenhouse effect), as was assumed more than a hundred years ago, and has recently been proven experimentally. Additional heat entering the climate system warms up the lower layers of the atmosphere and the upper layer of the ocean, leads to the melting of ice and an increase in the level of the ocean, while the upper layers of the atmosphere do not receive this heat, which leads to a decrease in temperature in the stratosphere and mesosphere – all this is reliably detected. Numerical models of the earth system (climate models) do not reproduce the current warming when only natural factors of climate variability (solar and volcanic activity) are taken into account, and they reproduce if the anthropogenic impact is taken into account.

Myth #2: “They can’t predict the weather”

And here the second myth enters the scene: “Yes, I don’t believe in these models, they cannot predict the weather for the day.” Indeed, people often confuse weather and climate models. Both are based on the equations of hydrodynamics, radiative transfer, and chemical transformations. But there is one important difference: weather models must remember the initial conditions, and the noise in the initial conditions in such a chaotic system as the atmosphere quickly begins to prevail over the signal. Already after 10–14 days, weather models “forget” about the initial conditions – here lies the limit of weather predictability in the form we are used to. But for the first days (up to 3–5 days), models now predict the weather very successfully.

Over the past decades, there has been a real quiet revolution in weather forecasting, primarily associated with the four-dimensional assimilation of satellite information and the ensemble approach. The myth that “forecasters lie all the time” is very tenacious and is connected with psychology: with a 24-hour forecast accuracy of 97.5%, ordinary people more often remember those same 2.5% of unsuccessful forecasts.

Weather forecasts for 24 hours come true in 97.5% of cases

And what about the climate? Here the word “forecast” will not be correct, rather they are talking about climate projections. Climate models do not immediately remember the initial conditions, only boundary conditions are important for them – that is, external influences: solar activity, volcanic eruptions, anthropogenic activity. How is anthropogenic activity defined? Economists are preparing their own models of the development of society: how many people will live there, how industry will work, how energy, land use will develop, etc. All this is formalized into some parameters that can be assimilated by the climate model – for example, in the emission of CO2 and in the change in surface properties.

Solar physics experts present their forecasts for the development of solar activity – whether we are waiting for the continuation of the 11-year cycle, or some kind of minimum is expected. Volcanologists should ideally present their forecasts for volcanic eruptions, which are an important factor in climate, but here the predictability is very weak. Based on all the new external parameters, climate models calculate a new climate – that is, a certain statistical ensemble of various weather conditions that are characteristic of this new climate. But not specific weather in a specific place on a specific day. Only a certain ensemble, by which one can judge how the distribution of a value, its average, extremes, etc., will change.

Myth three: “The summer was cold, what kind of warming are we talking about?”

The next myth also stems from the mixing of weather and climate. It varies from: “I don’t feel warming on myself” to “What a cold summer it was, what kind of warming are we talking about?”. In both cases, we are talking about the weather. The more the weather changes from season to season, the harder it is against the background of this rattling for the layman (who is unlikely to keep a weather diary) to trace some trend. Just focus on the sensations, and they can sometimes fail.

Myth #4: “Man is so small, how can he influence the global climate?”

The problem of scale underlies another climate myth – about our smallness and insignificance, which varies from the philistine “Man is so small, how can he influence the global climate?” and “Yes, more CO2 comes from volcanoes than from all human activity” to the more scientific “CO2 fluxes from anthropogenic activities are small compared to natural ones” and “The main greenhouse gas is water vapor.” But here, as in the proverbs “small spool, but expensive” and “a drop of nicotine kills a horse”, a small amount is not at all equal to a small effect. Anthropogenic carbon fluxes are about 10 gigatonnes of carbon per year, which is about 100 times greater than the flux from all volcanoes, but indeed significantly less than the total carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the biosphere (about 120 GTC/year), atmosphere and ocean (about 80 gtc/year). However, the fact is that natural flows are balanced, while anthropogenic ones (despite their smallness) are not. As a result, carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere, which, being a greenhouse gas (indeed, the second after water vapor), begins to actively influence the radiation balance of the Earth’s surface, bringing an additional 2 W/m2. These additional watts lead to the accumulation of heat in the climate system and an increase in temperature.

On the other hand, the temperature is rising, so what? “The climate has been changing all the time, and there have been warmer periods.” This frequent statement is not entirely a myth. Indeed, the Earth’s climate has gone through different periods – both much colder than now, and much warmer. This only demonstrates the sensitivity of the climate to changes in the heat balance of the system. It is misleading to compare “head-on” past and present climate change. When analyzing these changes, it is important to evaluate not how the temperature changed, but why it changed.

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It is said that the climate of the Earth began to deviate from the “norm”. It’s a lie. There is no “norm” for the climate. Change is the only norm for climate.

Life on Earth has existed for 3.8 billion years, and all these 3.8 billion years the climate has changed on Earth. There was (probably) a period in the earth’s history when it was one ball of ice. There were periods in the history of the Earth when cucumbers could be grown at the pole. Even throughout the history of human existence as a species, the climate has changed more widely than it does now.

In the Eem period (130-115 thousand years BC), the sea level was 4-6 meters higher, and hippos were found on the Thames. In the climatic optimum of the Holocene (9-5 thousand years BC), summer temperatures in Siberia were 2-9 degrees higher. A thousand years ago the temperature was the same as it is now. “It’s probably as warm now as it was a thousand years ago.” The last sentence is a quote. Moreover, this is a quote from one of the pillars of the Global Warming Teachings – paleoclimatologist Keith Briff. It’s just that this is not a quote from his public speeches, but from his correspondence opened by hackers – Briffa and colleagues discussed the question of how best to fake scientific data.

Any discussion about the causes of climate change should begin by listing the factors that affect climate. There are many such factors. For example, the climate on Earth depends on the presence of land at the poles. If there is no land at both poles, then the Earth is much warmer. If the land is at both poles, the whole Earth will freeze.

The radical cooling that began on Earth 40 million years ago is precisely due to the fact that Antarctica stood on the South Pole. For most of the history of the Earth, there was no land at the poles, and in general the continents clustered at the equator (Pangaea, Gondwana), and the Earth was much warmer.

The dust content of the atmosphere influences the climate. 250 million years ago, trap eruptions began on Earth in Eastern Siberia, temperatures dropped, and the result was the Permian-Triassic extinction of species: they died out by 95% in the sea. 60 million years ago, the Gulf of Mexico was hit by a meteorite and the dinosaurs died out.

You will say that these are things of bygone days.

Indeed, temperature fluctuations such as the medieval climatic optimum, which took place 1000 years ago, and the Little Ice Age of the 14th-16th centuries. are not explained by either continents or meteorites.

Their cause, as well as the general reason that there is life on Earth, can be seen by anyone who wishes to raise their eyes. This cause is called the Sun. Solar activity fluctuates, with large periods of 1500 years and small periods of 30 years. Calm sun leads to cooling, and active – to warming.

Surprisingly, in no report of the IPCC (International Commission on Climate Change) you will find a list of the causes on which the climate depends.

Why? The answer is very simple. The fact is that from the moment when mankind began to record the temperature and observe the sun (approximately the last 400 years), 30-year fluctuations in the Earth’s temperature coincided with 30-year solar cycles.

In particular, in the XX century. the temperature rose from 1900 to 1940, fell from the 1940s to the 1970s (at that time we were even scared of Global Cooling), and began to rise from the 1970s. You are told that temperatures have been rising throughout the 20th century. and by the end of it grew by almost a degree? It’s a lie. Temperature in the 20th century fluctuated with the activity of the sun. The graph of solar activity and the average temperature on the Earth began to diverge only in the early 1990s.

Here! You will happily say that it was then that the Global warming, which happened because of man, began.

“No,” I object, “then the IPCC was created. “Doesn’t it seem strange to you that an international bureaucratic body was first created, whose power depended on the recognition of Global warming as a threat to humanity, and only then the temperature graphs began to diverge from the activity of the sun?”

Do you know how many weather stations were used by the American NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) in the 1960s-1980s in their calculations? Answer: 6,000. Do you know how many weather stations NOAA uses now? 20 thousand – due to the danger of Global warming, you guess – and you will be mistaken.

NOAA now uses only 1,500 stations for its calculations. Over the past 40 years, stations at high latitudes, at high altitudes and in rural areas have been excluded from the calculations – that is, all that show a lower temperature. In Canada, for example, there are one hundred stations located above the Arctic Circle. NOAA takes into account data from only one abnormally warm Jurek station, better known as the “Garden of the Arctic”.

These new observations do not agree with the satellite data, and therefore a correction is introduced for the satellites, the so-called. “cold bias” – prejudice in favor of the cold. That is, imperfect weather satellites in the 1980s showed everything correctly, and everything was consistent. But the current, perfect ones, are constantly mistaken by 0.3o – you have to correct!

Do you know who developed the Global Warming Theory? All scientific theories in the world, you see, were created by scientists: Newton, Max Planck, Einstein. Who is the Newton who first guessed that the Earth is warming, and this comes from man? Who is the giant of thought who said that climate change is not the norm, but a reason for administrative regulation?

Answer: this giant of thought is called IPCC – the UN International Commission on Climate Change. Thus, the theory of Human-Dependent Global Warming is the world’s first scientific theory created not by a scientist, not by a group of scientists, but by a bureaucratic institution.

The IPCC was created in 1988 to decide: Is the current warming dangerous or not? Can it be attributed to a person or not? Is it possible to fight it or not? If the commission answered at least one question with “no”, the bureaucrats who made it up lost their jobs. If she answered “yes” to all three questions, then the scientists and bureaucrats of this commission would receive honor, respect, status, money for research and – in the future – the ability to regulate the world economy.

You will laugh, they answered yes to all three questions.

But not without difficulty. In a draft of the IPCC’s first report, the scientists who made up part of the commission’s members wrote that they had no reason to believe that humans affect the climate. The bureaucrats crossed out this text and wrote exactly the opposite: we have every reason to believe that the current climate change is related to man. Since then, we have been frightened by the transformation of the Earth into Venus, catastrophes, hurricanes, etc., and – oh horror! — an increase in the content of CO2 in the atmosphere. The content of CO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere is indeed increasing. What’s next? May I ask the simplest, most trivial question? We burn coal and oil and emit CO2 into the atmosphere. And where did this very CO2 in coal and oil come from? The answer is from the atmosphere. Coal and oil are a giant natural waste dump, a remnant of a global catastrophe. The biosphere was unable to process everything that grew, and a huge part of the building material that formed the basis of the early luxurious flora of the Earth was dead.

The doctrine of Global Warming is not really a science, but an ideology. This is the ideal ideology for a global bureaucracy that wants to regulate anything and everything. There are two points in this ideology. The first one is that it is built exactly on the same principle of making the average person feel like a nightmare as the idea of ​​the Apocalypse, the Second Coming and the Last Judgment. Global warming theologians scare humanity in the same way that John the Theologian: droughts, floods, waters turned into blood and locusts with golden crowns.

Second, it is built exactly on the same principle of distrust of business as communism. The doctrine of Global warming was born not by chance immediately after the collapse of Global Communism. The Left of the world could no longer talk about the Damn Capitalists Taking Surplus Value, and they began to talk about the Damn Capitalists Destroying the Environment.

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Experts believe the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), which opened in Glasgow, Scotland, on Oct. 31, may be the world’s last chance for industrial powers to agree on measures to slow global warming on the planet. .

Floods, droughts, food shortages – the consequences of global warming are noticeable today not only in developing countries, but also in rich countries. Against this backdrop, the meeting of world leaders in Britain could be the most significant conference in this area since the 2015 Paris climate agreement, observers say.

“Two decades ago we faced climate change. Today, we live in an ongoing emergency mode,” states Shikha Basin, senior analyst at the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), an Indian research institute. – That’s why the COP26 conference is so important.

UN Climate Conference Agenda

The goal of the Paris Agreement was to prevent the average temperature on the planet in the 21st century from rising above two, or better, one and a half degrees Celsius. The consensus among policymakers and environmentalists was that this was the threshold beyond which climate change could have irreversible effects on all human and natural ecosystems.

In adopting the Paris Climate Agreement, its participants agreed to update their plans every five years to meet the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions enshrined in that document.

However, just weeks before COP26 in Glasgow, it turned out that China, India and Saudi Arabia did not publish their national climate goals in time (by July 31, 2021). According to UN Climate Change, the body responsible for organizing international climate negotiations, only half of the planet’s total emissions are subject to updated greenhouse gas reduction measures by September 2021.

UK demands

Against this background, the United Kingdom, which is, together with Italy, the host country of the UN climate summit in 2021, demanded that participating states provide updated plans, as well as develop specific agreements to achieve the stated climate goals. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, for example, called on world leaders to make specific agreements “on coal, cars, finance, and trees.

The UK itself is pushing for a treaty that would “make lignite and hard coal history” and proposes to do away with internal combustion engine (ICE) cars by 2040. Another area of investment, from Johnson’s cabinet perspective, should be working to prevent deforestation on the planet.

Against the backdrop of massive climate protests around the world, the governments of some of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide, particularly the United States and China, have already pledged to become climate neutral by mid-century.

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UN Secretary-General António Guterres, at the opening of the climate summit in New York on Monday, September 23, warned against the imminent adverse effects of climate change. “If we do not change our way of life urgently, we will endanger life itself,” he stressed.

“Nature around the world is striking back with fury,” Guterres said, and recalled that the past five years, and July 2019 in particular, have been the hottest period on record. “Our heated earth is shrilling: ‘Stop,'” he continued. Glaciers are melting, the extent of deserts is increasing, drought is leading to wildfires, heat waves are getting worse, natural disasters are becoming more frequent, the UN secretary general noted, and stressed that the goal of the summit is not to negotiate, because you can’t negotiate with nature, but to act.

195 countries of the world present their plans on climate protection

Representatives of 195 countries of the world take part in the climate summit. They are presenting their climate protection plans for the coming years related to the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. Its main goal is to prevent a global temperature increase in the current century above 2 degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels. As of September 2019, 186 countries have joined the agreement.

The conference brings together world leaders, members of governments, finance, business, and civil society.

Donald Trump and Greta Thunberg at the UN summit

Even U.S. President Donald Trump showed up in the room where the U.N. climate summit is taking place, even though he had previously said he had no intention of attending the conference.

Swedish environmental activist Greta Thunberg, who spearheaded the broad youth climate movement Fridays For Future, made an angry speech in front of the crowd. She accused older generations of failing to make decisions to prevent a global climate catastrophe. “We are on the brink of mass death, and all you can talk about is money and fairy tales and perpetual economic growth,” Tunberg stressed.

Speaking shortly after the Swedish girl, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said she had heard the call of younger generations. In a short address, she reiterated the willingness of the government she leads to take the necessary decisions to save the climate.

Germany will allocate 250 million euros to save rainforests

German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Gerd Müller and World Bank President David Melpas agreed at the climate summit to implement the ProGreen Program for saving the Amazonian and African rainforests and fighting illegal logging. Within its framework, Germany intends to invest 200 million euros, and in total it is to raise one billion dollars.

Berlin will also give 20 million euros to support indigenous people in need of forest protection and 30 million euros to the Central African Forest Initiative. Protecting forests is necessary for “the survival of all of us,” Merkel said at a summit meeting on fires in the Amazon rainforest.



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Cheating will become harder

The UN climate conference in Katowice made important progress on a range of issues, The Irish Times notes with satisfaction:

“The outcome of the summit has, for the first time, brought transparency into how exactly climate protection measures will be implemented. And if the issues that remain open will be resolved next year, there will be an end to ‘double-entry bookkeeping’ – where emissions reductions are counted twice. Delegates also managed to balance the concerns of the smallest, poorest, and most vulnerable countries, the concerns of the industrialized countries that contribute most to global warming, and the concerns of the threshold economies that are not prepared to bear an even greater ‘climate’ burden. In addition, there is finally a clear strategy for long-term and tangible financial assistance for adaptive measures.”

The crisis hides a chance

The water is already slowly coming up to our throats, but this is what appears to be finally forcing humanity to do something about it, Kevin Buckland, artist and activist and member of Global Climate Justice, expresses this hope in the pages of Krytyka Polityczna:

“Any crisis that shakes a society destroys, among other things, some cultural norms – and thus opens the door for people to organize themselves anew. There is no way to save the ship from wreckage, but we can at least slow it down. Instead of waiting for the captain to give us a place in the lifeboat, it’s time we all thought together about converting the deck chairs into life rafts.”

Most of the questions have been answered

Although the earth’s climate is not yet salvageable, these protracted and difficult negotiations have still paid off, Deutschlandfunk believes:

“Fortunately, the commonwealth of nations has adopted strict rules to protect the climate, namely that in the future every country will have to keep records of its CO2 emissions and report to the global community accordingly. In addition, developed countries are now obliged to report on how they are fulfilling their promise to help developing countries protect the climate. All this sounds rather technical and dry – but it really is. Nevertheless, the climate forum answered most of the questions that remained open after the Paris climate summit. The Paris Agreement concluded three years ago has become a kind of constitution for climate protection, and now we also have an ‘administrative code’ – which is a huge step forward. This alone makes it possible to say that the summit in Katowice was a great success.”

International cooperation works

The results of the climate summit offer hope for improvement, says Hospodářské noviny:

“Almost no one anymore shares the opinion of former Czech President Vaclav Klaus, who said that the issue of global warming can be solved simply by taking off your sweater. There is now a clear will and desire to implement concrete – and sometimes even costly – measures. In addition, there has been no justification for the previously voiced fear that nationalism, which is now gaining momentum everywhere, would negatively affect the willingness of countries to abide by their common commitments to combat climate change. The spirit of international cooperation is not dead, and our situation is far from hopeless.

A lot of noise, but not much help.

The climate summit could have been avoided, says Gazeta Wyborcza:

“Yes, the delegates adopted a set of rules for the implementation of the Paris climate agreement. They agreed that every five years, they will check and take into account how individual countries implement measures to save the climate. But what value does this agreement have against the background of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s [IPCC] report that a catastrophe awaits us all in twelve years? Honestly, we could have saved 250 million zlotys by not closing Katowice for two weeks and by not sending policemen from all over the country. Instead of all that, it would have been possible to do a simple e-mailing – with a smiley face at the end.”

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